 | From the Editor's Desk
How Outsiders Become Game Changers Every once in a while, an outsider comes along with a new vision or a new way of doing things that revolutionizes a scientific field, an industry, or a culture. Take the case of Katalin Kariko, who defied all odds to pioneer the mRNA technology that ultimately gave the world Covid-19 vaccines in record time. Daughter of a butcher and raised in a small adobe house in the former Eastern bloc with no running water or refrigerator, Kariko started working with RNA as a student in Hungary but moved to the United States in her late twenties. For decades, she faced rejection after rejection, the scorn of colleagues, and even the threat of deportation. Yet today, Kariko's foundational work on mRNA is at the heart of the vaccines developed by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna, and many researchers are now calling for Kariko to win the Nobel Prize.
How did that happen? After 10 years of research, relying on a mix of qualitative techniques, large dataset analysis, and historical research, we have come up with four factors that explain the success of outsiders like Kariko. These factors do not have to be concomitant, and none is necessary, but each increases the odds substantially that an outsider will break through and their innovation will have a major impact.
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